After harvesting seeds of the plant, their oily and methanolic extracts were isolated, and subsequently, types and amounts of lipids were measured using GC–MS. To evaluate the importance of Milk thistle lipids in drought tolerance, an experiment was performed in field conditions under three different water deficit levels (Field capacity (FC), 70% FC and 40% FC). Milk thistle is an oil and medicinal crop known as an alternative oil crop with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids, which makes it a favorable edible oil for use in food production. Thus, this perspective provides insights into how moss lipids may serve as useful biomarkers of moss stress response or adaptation to environmental stress during boreal forest regeneration following clearcut harvesting. Bryophytes may alter or remodel their membrane lipid composition to acclimate or adapt to environmental stressors. Although lipidomics is commonly used in environmental stress assessment of plants, application to assess moss lipidome and stress response is very limited. Analysis of the membrane lipidome, photosynthetic parameters and pigments can be very effective in assessing moss response to abiotic stress following clearcut harvesting. Water and light stress can significantly impact moss growth during boreal forest regeneration. Clearcut harvesting (common method of boreal forest regeneration) can expose understory vegetation to water and light stress. Sphagnum and feathermoss are the two main bryophytes found in boreal forest understory. Mosses play important roles in the regulation of environmental or metabolic conditions in boreal forest ecosystems. Additionally, extracts showed a good potential to be used in the cosmetics industry as skincare products. lotocephalus shoots and an effective role of MeJA as a mitigating agent of drought stress.
Altogether, the obtained results demonstrated a negative impact of PEG on T. MeJA was the most efficient agent in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by drought, by improving the biosynthesis of phenolics, like methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and salvianolic acids, as well as improving the extracts’ antioxidant activity. PEG also decreased the biological activities (antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and photoprotective) of the eco-friendly extracts obtained with a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra analysis revealed that PEG treatment caused changes in shoots’ composition, enhancing terpenoids biosynthesis. Results showed that PEG caused oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, raising H2O2 levels and reducing shoots’ growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, and phenolic compounds production, especially phenolic acids, including the major compound rosmarinic acid. The impact of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on morphological, physiological, (bio)chemical, and biological characteristics of Thymus lotocephalus López and Morales shoot cultures have been investigated, as well as the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as alleviating drought stress agents. The combination of lipid profiling and physiological parameters represented a promising tool for investigating the mechanisms of plant response to drought stress at non-polar metabolome level. Partial least square discriminant analysis separated all the samples into four groups: tolerant watered, tolerant stressed, sensitive watered and sensitive stressed. In tolerant plants, the level of lipids involved in signaling increased, while intensities of those induced by stress (e.g., oxylipins) dramatically decreased (50–60%), in particular with respect to metabolites with m/z values of 519.3331, 521.3488, and 581.3709. Sensitive plants showed the highest decrease (55%) in main lipid components such as galactolipids and phospholipids. In addition, different trends for a number of non-polar metabolites were observed when comparing stressed and control samples, for both sensitive and tolerant plants. Tolerant and sensitive plants exhibited clearly different responses at a physiological level. Non-targeted non-polar metabolite profiling was carried out using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry with one-month-old plants exposed to drought stress, and their morpho-physiological parameters were also evaluated. The effects of prolonged drought on lipid profile were investigated in tolerant and sensitive thyme plants (Thymus serpyllum L. Thymus is one of the best known genera within the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family, with more than 200 species and many medicinal and culinary uses.
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